Wednesday 30 March 2011

Islam Declares Equality

Some quick facts

Thee alone we ask for help.
Show us the straight path,
The path of those whom thou hast favoured;
Not the path of those who earn Thine anger

Muslims today can be found in many countries and many cultures, speaking many languages.

Prophet Muhammad (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam)  said:
"Halaal is clear and Haram is clear; in between these two are certain things that are suspected. Many people may not know whether those items are Halaal or Haram. Whosoever leaves them, he is innocent towards his religion and his conscience. He is, therefore, safe. Anyone who gets involved in any of these suspected items, he may fall into the unlawful and the prohibited. This case is similar to the one who wished to raise his animals too close to a restricted area, so that the animals may step into that area. Indeed for every landlord there is a restricted area. Indeed the restrictions of Allah are the Haram." (Sahih Bukhari & Sahih Muslim)
Allah (S.W.T.) says in Surat Al-Hujurat, (verse 13), what be translated as, "O Mankind! We have created you from a male and female, and made you into nations and tribes, that you may know one another. Verily, the most honorable of you in the sight of Allah is he who has most Taqwa among of you. Verily, Allah is All-Knowing, All-Aware."
With this verse, Islam declares equality among people, that is because Islam respect a human for being a human not for any other reason; Islam dose not distinguish between two races, or two groups of people, or between two colors, and the prophet Muhammad (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam)  addressed the people signifying that concept during the last pilgrimage, saying: "O People! Your Allah (God) is one; your father is one; no preference of an Arab neither over non-Arab nor of a non-Arab over an Arab or red over black or black over red except for the most righteous. Verily the most honored of you is the most righteous."
Not only did Islam emphasize the equality principle theoretically, but did it practically in some of the worship acts that translated this principle into a sensible fact that dose not escape people minds, thus: in the mosques where Friday prayer is held once every week, as well as the five daily prayers; equality is exercised practically and all the differences vanishes among people. That is, whoever came to the Mosque first, took his place in the front rows despite his financial states or position, and whoever come late, his place is late and if you look at any row among the prayer's rows, you would find in that row the rich and poor, the knowledgeable and the one with no knowledge, the Arab and the non Arab, no differences all the same in sight of Allah (S.W.T.), their direction during prayer, as well as their reveled book, as their Lord is one and also their movements during the prayer following one Imam.
Also, another practical application of equality in Islam is the equality among people in front of the law and regulations. What is allowed is for all people and what is forbidden as well upon all people. The obligations are upon everyone, and whoever deserved punishment gets it, regardless.
An example of such was when some of the companions talked to Osama Bin Zaid R.A., the favorite of prophet Muhammad (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam)  to intervene for the sake of the well reputed woman from Quraish tribe who deserved punishment for stealing (that is cutting her hand), Osama talked to the prophet (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam)  the prophet (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam)  got angry and said, "Those before you were districted, that is because the renowned is untouched when he steals, and the poor is punished, verily if Fatima daughter of Muhammad stole, I would have cut her hand."
Women are not oppressed in Islam. Any Muslim man that oppresses a woman is not following Islam. Among the many teachings of Prophet Muhammad (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam)   that protected the rights and dignity of women is his saying, "...the best among you are those who treat their wives well."
In respect to protecting the environment in relation to these two aspects, let's listen to the words of Muhammad (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) "Faith has more than sixty branches. One of these branches is removing things that give people trouble. In this sense, removing a rock the middle of the road is a requirement of faith" (Bukhari,). "Whenever one of you sees ugly behavior or something unpleasant let him change it with his hand. If he does not have the strength to change it with his hand, let him change it with his tongue. If he is not strong enough to do this, let him reproach it in his heart. The last approach is the weakest form of faith" (Muslim), One of the striking matters in these hadiths is the placing of the awareness of responsibility within the framework of faith. This is very important in respect to showing the connection between a Muslim's understanding of life and faith.

For Roman Catholic
Paul really made in the head coverings address, look at the passage again and see how the commands are very simply stated in verses 4-5a. Don’t let the discussion of related issues distract you from the simplicity of the command itself. Every man who has something on his head while praying or prophesying disgraces his head. 5 But every woman who has her head uncovered while praying or prophesying disgraces her head.
Does not even nature itself teach you that if a man has long hair, it is a dishonor to him, 15 but if a woman has long hair, it is a glory to her? For her hair is given to her for a covering.
I Corinthians 11:13-15

Muslim women wear the head-covering (Hijaab) in fulfillment of Allah (God's) decree to dress modestly. From a practical standpoint, it serves to identify one as attempting to follow Allah (God) in daily life and, therefore, protects women from unwanted advances from men. This type of modest dress has been worn by righteous women throughout history. Prominent examples are traditional Catholic Nuns, Mother Teresa and the Virgin Mary, mother of Isa A.S. (Jesus).

The Qur'an answers the question. Our bodies did not develop our skin--- so thin and fur free that it requires external covering for protection---because of some unexplained evolutionary accident. Our Creator designed it this way so we will always need clothing. He also put in us the sense of shame that forces us to cover ourselves. On the other hand, the first act of Satan was to cause Adam and Eve to expose themselves: "So by deceit he brought about their fall: when they tasted of the tree, their shameful parts became manifest to them, and they began to sew together the leaves of the Garden over their bodies." [Al-Araf 7:22]. This is the source of the tension we see. Two Pair of opposing forces). Good and evil. “
With that background we can understand the importance of clothing. "Oh! Children of Adam! We have bestowed raiment upon you to cover your shame as well as to be an adornment to you. But the raiment of righteousness---that is the best." [Al-Araf 7:26]. The address here is to all humanity, emphasizing thereby the universal human need to cover ourselves properly. The Qur'an then warns that Satan was not finished after his first attempt: "Oh Children of Adam! Let not Satan seduces you in the same manner as he got your parents out of the Garden, stripping them of their raiment, to expose their shame." [Al-Araf 7:27].
Once we realize the nature of the dress issue, it is natural that we should turn to our Creator to seek guidance for the proper dress code. Qur'an and Sunnah have provided ample guidance on the subject
"Oh Children of Adam! Let not Satan seduces you (Stay sharp)
In Islam, the learning process is never complete.  As you grow in understanding of the Muslim faith, you may come across more questions, or more topics you want to study.  The Prophet Muhammad (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) told his followers to "seek knowledge, even unto China" -- i.e. pursue your study to the farthest reaches of the earth.

I pray Allah SWT make our efforts sincere and keep us all on the straight path...........

Feel free to Share the information here with everyone you know,
And earn Sawab-e-Jariya...May Allah swt make it a source of Sawab-e-Jariya for u and me .Ameen

P.S.: "Have fun praying don’t forget to make dua for me...


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Thursday 24 March 2011

Quran and the Sunnah

The Messenger of Allah (blessings of Allah be upon him and his family) has said: “The one who recites the Qur’an and the one who listens to it have an equal share in the reward.”
"A seeker is not a seeker until he is able to find in the Quran everything that he desires."

The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: “I have left two things among you, as long as you hold fast to them, you will never go astray. They are the Book of Allah (Quran) and the Sunnah of His Messenger”

The Quran is the ocean where from the jewels of knowledge and the treasures of understanding are extracted. Any believer who is grants the way to understand it, his Opening (fathu; Victory in a general sense. The same word can be used for the conquest of a city, the dispelling of hardships, achievement of success in any Endeavour, and the unveiling of the Eye of the heart so that it begins to perceive the Unseen; it is usually in this latter sense that the term is used in Sufi texts), becomes permanent, his light complete, his knowledge vast, and he never tires of reading it night and day, for he found therein his goal and his purpose. This is the quality of the sincere seeker.

The Qur'an challenges the reader to think about its message, ponder its meaning, and accept it with understanding rather than blind faith.  As you read, feel free to ask for clarification from knowledgeable Muslims.

. Four Suras dating from a period prior to Hegira refer to the writing down of the Quran before the Prophet left Mecca in 622 (Surah 80, verses 11 to 16):

  
           By no means! Indeed it is a message of instruction
          Therefore whoever wills, should remember
          On leaves held in honor Exalted, purified in the hands of scribes Noble and pious.

"The sources all agree in stating that whenever a fragment of the Quran was revealed, the Prophet called one of his literate companions and dictated it to him, indicating at the same time the exact position of the new fragment in the fabric of what had already been received... Descriptions note that Muhammad (peace be upon him) asked the scribe to reread to him what had been dictated so that he could correct any deficiencies...

Another famous story tells how every year in the month of Ramadan, the Prophet would recite the whole of the Quran (so far revealed) to Gabriel..., that in the Ramadan preceding Muhammad's death, Gabriel had made him recite it twice... It is known how since the Prophet's time, Muslims acquired the habit of keeping vigil during Ramadan, and of reciting the whole of the Quran in addition to the usual prayers expected of them. Several sources add that Muhammad's scribe Zaid was present at this final bringing-together of the texts. Elsewhere, numerous other personalities are mentioned as well."

Extremely diverse materials were used for this first record; parchment leather, wooden tablet, camel's scapula, soft stone for inscriptions, etc.

At the same time however, Muhammad (peace be upon him) recommended the faithful to learn the Quran by heart. They did this for a part if not all of the text recited during prayers. Thus there was .Hafizun. Who knew the whole of the Quran by heart and spread it abroad. The method of doubly preserving the text both in writing and by memorization proved to be extremely precious.

It is logical that one wanting to learn about a faith would start by reading its most holy text. For some, however, the Qur'an can be difficult to sit down and read from cover to cover. The revelation was given over a period of decades, and each verse has a particular scriptural and historical context. The themes of the Qur'an are interwoven among the chapters, and the book is not in chronological order.

The following was the first Revelation (Surah 96, verses 1 to 5):

  
      Read: In the name of thy Lord who created,
  
      Who created man from something which clings
  
      Read! Thy Lord is the most Noble
  
      Who taught by the pen
  
      Who taught man what he did not know
(When the Revelation of this Surah was made, forty-two or forty-five others had been written and were kept by Muslims in Mecca (out of a total of 114):

You must have a wird (any repeated devotional act), of the Mighty Book to be read every day. The least you should do is read one Juz' (one thirtieth of the Quran' an), so that you complete it once month, and the most is to complete to every three days.

Surah Al Rahman (55)

Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) said:’ everything has a bride, and the bride of the Qur’an is Surah Al Rahman’

Abdullah ibn Mas’ud (may Allah be pleased with him) said, ‘What an excellent treasure Surah Al Imran is to the pauper when he recites it in prayer during the last part of the night’ Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) said:’ Allah’s most magnificent name, which when used to implore Him, He responds, is found in three Suras. Al Baqara, Al Imran and Taha’

Be careful to read those Suras and verses which are recommended in the Sunna at particular times ; for examples al-Sajdahs; The Prostration [ 32 ], al-Mulk; The kingdom [67 ], al-Waqi' a; The Event [ 56 ], and the last two verses of al-Baqara; the Heifer [2], every night before going to sleep. Al-Dukhaan ;( The Smoke [44],): on Sunday and Thursday evenings, and al-Kahf; The Cave [18], on Thursday night and Friday. Read if you can, the Seven Saving Ones every night they are; al-Sajadah ,YA-SIN[ 36 ], al-Dukhaan [ 44 ], al-Waqiah [ 56 ], al-Hasher [ 59 ], al-Mulk [67 ], And Insaan; Man[ 76 ].for their merit is great. Also morning and evening the first few verses of Surat al-Hadid; The Iron [ 57 ], the last few verses of Surat al-Hasher; The Gathering [59], Sura Ikhlas[112], three times and the two refuge-taking Suras al-Falaq & al-Nas [114,113] three times each; similarly, al-Ikhlas and he last two Suras of the Quran' an together with the al-Kursi verse; The Foot stool [ 2:255 ], and Surat al-Kafirun;The Disbelieves [109], immediately before going to sleep, making these the last thing that you utter.

And Allah Ta’aala says the truth, and He guides to the way.
Know that great merit attaches to reciting the Quran' an, and an influence in illuminating the heart. The Messenger of Allah, may blessings and peace be upon him, has said: " The best of my nation's devotions is the recitation of the Quran' an". And Ali may Allah ennoble hid face, has said:" The one who recites the Qur'an while standing in prayer receives one hundred rewards for each letter; the one who recites it outside the prayer but in a state of ritual purity receives twenty-five rewards for each letter; and the one who recites it without ritual purity receives ten rewards for each letter."

Beware of concentrating, while reciting, on reciting a large amount to the exclusion of reflection and correct recitation. You must reflect and comprehend while you recite; slow, melodious recitation will assist you in this. Feel in your heart the Magnitude of the Speaker ( Transcendent and Exalted is He!) and that you are before Him, reciting His Book to Him, in which He addresses His commands, prohibitions, counsels and exhortations to you. When reading verses on unification and glorification are full of reverence and awe, when reading verses of promises and threats be full of hopeful expectation and apprehension, and when reading the commands and prohibitions be thankful, acknowledge your shortcomings, ask for forgiveness and determine to show ardor.

In Islam, the learning process is never complete.  As you grow in understanding of the Muslim faith, you may come across more questions, or more topics you want to study.  The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) told his followers to "seek knowledge, even unto China" -- i.e. pursue your study to the farthest reaches of the earth.

  
I pray Allah SWT make our efforts sincere and keep us all on the straight path...........

Feel free to Share the information here with everyone you know,
And earn Sawab-e-Jariya...May Allah swt make it a source of Sawab-e-Jariya for u and me .Ameen

P.S.: "Have fun praying don’t forget to make dua for me...

Tuesday 22 March 2011

Sawdah bint Zam`a (radiyallaahu anha)

Prophet (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam)  He cared about many children.

Sawdah bint Zam`a (radiyallaahu anha), since she was the first woman to enter the household of the Prophet (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) after his first and beloved wife Khadeejah (radiyallaahu anha). Sawdah (RA) was generous, obedient and loyal woman with sense of sacrifice. 'Aisha (RA) was impressed by her simple and selfless nature. She was among the first to accept Islam and also had the distinction of immigrating twice, first to Abyssinia and then to al-Medina.

Her mother, Shamus, was from the tribe of Bani Najjar, a branch of the Quraish; her father was also from a branch of Quraish, Banu 'Amir Bin Loii. She was married to her cousin Sakran bin Amar, then after his death, she married the Messenger (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam)). All her husband's brothers Sohail, Sahl, Hatib and Sateel had the honor of being the Companions of the Prophet (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam). Both she and her husband accepted Islam in its earliest stage and migrated to Abyssinia in the Way of ALLAH (SWT). They were blessed with a boy whom they named `Abdur-Rahman.

One day she dreamt that the Prophet (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam)entered her house and caught hold of her by the nape of her neck. When she told about her dream to her husband, he interpreted it to mean that after his death she would marry the Prophet Muhammad (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam). Some time later she had another dream that the moon was descending into her lap. She told Sakran about it as well and again he interpreted her dream for her. His death was imminent, he said, and she would marry the Prophet (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam). A few days later he fell ill and passed away. She was left lonely and it seemed to her that there was no purpose for life.
One of her friends was Hawla, the wife of Uthman bin Madh’aon. One day she visited the Prophet (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) and noticed that he was leading a very lonely life with the responsibility of bringing up his 4 daughters, and was missing his wife Khadeejah (RA). She suggested to him that he should get married. He asked who would be willing to take the responsibility for his household and daughters. She suggested that he should marry Sawdah. He (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) agreed. When Sawdah found out the great news, she was overcome with joy and honor being bestowed upon her. After her old father blessed her marriage, Hawla visited the Prophet (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) again with good news. Soon the marriage took place and Zam’ah performed the ceremony. The Prophet (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) gave Sawdah (RA) 400 dirham as her Maher (bridal gift) on the occasion. Her brother, Abdullah, who hadn’t accepted Islam yet, was very saddened with the news, but later on, after having become a Muslim, he realized the greatest honor he and his family had.
Sawdah, of course, was very happy to move into the house of Khadeejah (R.A), where the Prophet Muhammad (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) lived with his daughters, Umm Kulthûm (R.A.) and Fatima (R.A). She felt very fortunate that her future now was assured. She would often relate her memorable experiences in Abyssinia, and talk especially about his daughter Ruqqayah R.A. and her husband Uthman bun Affan (R.A) and the Prophet (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) would listen with great interest.

On one occasion Ruqqayah (RA) visited Makkah. The sisters received her with mixed emotions of joy and sorrow, joy on seeing her after so many years, and sorrow because they were meeting each other for the first time after the death of their mother, Khadeejah (RA). Sawdah (RA) stepped forward and embraced Ruqqayah (RA). Both of them never expected to see each other after their days in Abyssinia, now as mother and step-daughter. The Prophet (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) got news from his daughter and son-in-law of the latest developments of how the refugee sahabas were fairing and of the position of the ruler Najashi. Every day brought new stories about the tortures and hardships of Muslims there. So due to all these circumstances the Prophet (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) decided that his followers should migrate to al-Madinah. A few days later ALLAH (Swt) ordered him to migrate as well. On reaching al-Madinah they stayed at the house of Abu Ayyub Ansari R.A. Once he was settled he sent Zaid bin Harith (R.A.) and Abu Raffia (R.A.) to Makkah with some camels and 500 dirham to bring all the members of his family. The two trusted Companions reached there and immediately left for al-Madinah with Sawdah, Ruqqayah, Umm Kulthûm , Fatima (may ALLAH be pleased with them). Umm Aiman (R.A) the wife of Zaid bin Harith R.A. and his son Osama were part of the caravan as well, which was put up at the house of Harith bin Nu`man Ansari (RA) on reaching al-Madinah .

She was same age as our perfect mother Khadeejah R.A. when Khadeejah R.A. died. Our beloved Prophet Muhammad (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam). Asked Sawdah (R.A.) to marry him for the reason: to take care of his children. Sawdah (R.A.) was that time 65 years old woman of no beauty!

She had also 5 kids with her ex husband As-Sakran Bin Amru with whom she migrated to Abyssinia where he died.

So till now we can see that Prophet (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam).  He cared about many children. Khadeeja’s (R.A.) 3 kids from previous marriages, Ali R.A., His own 6 children and probably some of Sawda's (R.A.) children. Subhanallah!

She once said to our beloved Prophet (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) .:"Oh messenger of Allah, my only wish in this life is to be summoned on the Day of Judgment among your wife’s so I will get the same reward as the other wife’s get.
She used to make some jokes, and once she said to our beloved Prophet Muhammad, (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam). "I caught my nose when I was praying behind you in order do not to bleed, so He laughed."

May Allah make our efforts sincere and keep us all on the straight path...........

Feel free to Share the information here with everyone you know,
And earn Sawab-e-Jariya...May Allah swt make it a source of Sawab-e-Jariya for u and me .Ameen

P.S.: "Have fun praying don’t forget to make dua for me...

Thursday 17 March 2011

Islam Combines an Equal Amount of Love, Fear, and Hope.


Iblis (Satan), the cursed one, out of envy to Adam, has promised to himself "to attack children of Adam on their way to their journey toward God, so that those who fall prey to his attack will also have the same fate as himself (I'll take you down with me!).
Allah subhanahu WA Ta’aala has granted intellect to human beings. The intellect entails responsibility. The more intellect a person has the more he/she is responsible. When the intellect is missing, the responsibility is also not there. Little children are not held responsible, because their intellect has not yet developed. The insane are not responsible, because they have lost the intellectual capacity. However, part of our being human is also that we make mistakes. Sometime we make mistakes without deliberation and intention. But sometime we knowingly and deliberately sin and do wrong to others. It is said, “To err is human and to forgive is divine.” Both parts of this statement are very true. As human beings we are responsible, but we do also make mistakes and we are constantly in need of forgiveness. Islam speaks about two aspects of forgiveness: a) Allah’s forgiveness; b) Human forgiveness. We need both, because we do wrong in our relations to Allah as well as in our relations to each other.

Allah (SWT), who named Himself Ar-Rahman (The Beneficent) and Ar-Rahim (The Merciful), is also Al-Ghafoor (The Forgiving). His Mercy overtakes His punishment and anger. He is more merciful to His creations than a mother can be to her infants. He created "man with weakness"; thus He knows and we should know that "to err is human," and "no one is perfect."

God’s name “Al-Ghaffar” (The All-and Oft-Forgiving) comes in the Quran under three forms which mean that God forgives all kinds of sins everywhere and at all times as He is the Oft-and-All-Forgiving, the Most Merciful.

The second form is “Al-Ghafoor” as in God’s words: {and your Lord is Al-Ghafoor (the Oft-Forgiving), the Owner of Mercy. Were He to call them to account for what they have earned, then surely, He would have hastened punishment for them; but they have their appointed time, from which they will find no escape.} (Al-Kahf 18: 58) He also says: {And He (Allah) is Al-Ghafoor (the Oft-Forgiving), the Compassionate.} (Al-Buruj 85: 14). Also: {Declare (O Muhammad) unto My slaves that truly, I am Al-Ghafoor (the Oft-Forgiving), the Most Merciful.} (Al-Hijr 15: 49), and in His words: {Say to My salves who have transgressed against themselves: ‘Do not despair of Allah’s Mercy. Verily, Allah forgives all sins. Truly, He is Al-Ghafoor (the Oft-Forgiving), the Most Merciful.} (Az-Zumar 39: 53).

The third form of this divine name is “Al-Ghaffar” as in God’s words: {And verily, I am Al-Ghaffar (the All-Forgiving) for him who repents, believes and does righteousness and is moreover rightly guided.} (Ta-Ha 20: 82), and: {I said: ‘Ask forgiveness of your Lord, (for) verily, He is Ghaffar (All-Forgiving). He will send rain to you in abundance, and give you increase in wealth and children, and bestow on you gardens and bestow on you rivers.} (Nuh 71: 10-12)

Thus, “Ghâfir”, “Ghafoor” and “Ghaffar” are all used to the same purport in the Quran, for they are derived from the same Arabic root, “Al-Maghfirah” (Forgiveness).

Some scholars said: “A person who disobeys Allah is described in the Holy Quran as being “Zhalim”, “Zhaloum” or “Zhallam”.
If a man is “Zhalim” (a wrong-doer), God is “Ghâfir” (the Forgiver); if a man is “Zhaloum” (does a lot of injustice to himself), God is “Ghafoor” (the All-Forgiving); and if a man is “Zhallam” (frequently does wrong to himself), God is “Ghaffar” (the Oft-Forgiving).

In other words, the way man commits sins or does wrong to himself determine the way in which God responds and forgives such sins or wrong-doings.
Allah (God’s) name “Al-Ghâfir”, some scholars said, means that He forgives your sin in the sense that He obliterates it from the Scrolls of your deeds, His name “Al-Ghafoor” means that He obliterates your sins from the Records of the Scribes (Angels who record man’s deeds), and His name “Al-Ghaffar” means that He makes you forget such sins altogether.
Allah( God) is “Al-Ghaffar” that He veils a believer’s sins and misdeeds and does not show them. For that, if a believer were to see the evil things that he formerly did when he was ignorant and heedless, he would get burnt of regret. When a believer turns to God with repentance, He forgives him and his sins. But if he were to remember the evil things that he did in times of ignorance, he would bite his fingers of regret.

Therefore, due to His infinite divine mercy upon believers in Paradise, God veils all their sins and misdeeds, so that neither they nor anyone else can see any of such sins or misdeeds. That is why God says: {The Forgiver of sin, the Acceptor of repentance, the Severe in punishment, the Bestowal of Favors, there is no god but He, to Him is the Final Return} (Ghâfir 40: 3)

In interpretation of the above Quranic verses, some scholars said: {Allah forgives sins out of His Bounty; He accepts repentance out of His Grace; He is Severe in punishing disbelievers; and He bestows His Favors upon those whom He loves.

Al-’Afuw: This has another aspect of forgiveness. This name occurs in the Qur’an five times. Literally the word ‘Afw means “to release” “to heal”, “to restore”, “to remit”. Thus in relation to Allah it means “to release us from the burden of punishment due to our sins and mistakes”, “to restore our honor after we have dishonored ourselves by committing sins and making mistakes.” Sometimes in the Qur’an both names: ‘Afuw and Ghafoor come together.

On the authority of Anas, who said: I heard the messenger of Allah say?
Allah the Almighty has said: “O son of Adam, so long as you call upon Me and ask of Me, I shall forgive you for what you have done, and I shall not mind. O son of Adam, were your sins to reach the clouds of the sky and were you then to ask forgiveness of Me, I would forgive you. O son of Adam, were you to come to Me with sins nearly as great as the earth and were you then to face Me, ascribing no partner to Me, I would bring you forgiveness nearly as great as its.”

This is truly a beautiful hadith. Very touching many non Muslims think our religion is too hard and that we view Allah as only to be feared. In reality, Islam combines an equal amount of Love, Fear, and Hope. 

May Allah make our efforts sincere and keep us all on the straight path...........

Feel free to Share the information here with everyone you know,
And earn Sawab-e-Jariya...May Allah swt make it a source of Sawab-e-Jariya for u and me .Ameen

P.S.: "Have fun praying don’t forget to make dua for me...

Friday 11 March 2011

Ayatul Kurs


Do you know the Ayatul Kursi?" Anas (radiyallaahu anhu) replied "I know". The Prophet (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) said, "It is equal to a quarter of the Qur'an
Ayat al-Kursi is verse 255 of the second chapter (Surah) of the Holy Quran, Surat al-Baqarah (The Chapter of the Cow)
Ayatul Kursi is a verse in the Holy Qur'an which has immense power of Protection from any acts of Evils.

Allahu la ilaha illahu
Al Hayyul Qayyum
La ta'a kizuhu sinatun Wala naum
Lahumma fis samawati wama fil ard
Manzallazi yashfa'u indahu illaa bi iznihi
Ya'alamu ma bayna aidihim wama khalfahum
Wala yihiduna bi shay’in min ilmihi illaa bimaa sha'a
WA si'a kursiyyuhus samawati wal ard
Wala ya udhuhu hizbu huma
WA huwal aliyul azeem

The holy prophet said: Whoever narrates the first four ayahs of Surah Baqarah, followed by the last three Ayatul Kursi, will not be have any difficulty with himself or in his wealth, Satan will stay away from him and he will always remember the Qur’an.

 The holy prophet emphasizes that Qur’an is a great book or great world, and Ayatul Kursi is the front runner of Surah Baqarah and Surah Baqarah is the front runner of the Qur’an. There are 50 words in Ayatul Kursi and each word bears good and 50 blessing in it.

Ali (Radiyallaahu Anhu) narrates,” I cannot understand how a person, who is a Muslim, and owner of reason (intellect) can spend the night without reading Ayatul Kursi. If you knew the benefits of it, then you will never discard it under any condition". Rasulullah (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) stated,"I have been given Ayatul Kursi from the treasures under the A’rsh of Allah and it was not given to anyone before me".
Ali (Radiyallaahu Anhu) says, "From the time I have heard this, I have never passed a night without reading it".

Abu Huraira (Radiyallaahu Anhu) says that Nabi (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) made me the guardian of the Zakat of Ramadan. One thief began to steal from it. I caught him and told him that I am definitely going to take him to Rasulullah (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam). He said,” Leave me, I am destitute and have a family". I (Abu Huraira) left him. In the morning Rasulullah (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) asked, "What did your prisoner do last night." I (Abu Huraira) said, He spoke of his great need and family for which I felt pity on him and left him." Nabi (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) said,” He has spoken a lie and will definitely come again." I (Abu Huraira) understood that the (the thief) will definitely come again because Nabi (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) said so. Thus I kept watch at that same barn. He (the thief) came and began stealing in handfuls. I caught him and threatened to take him to Rasulullah (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam). The thief pleaded with me to leave him as he was needy and had a family and that he will not repeat this. I (Abu Hurairah) felt pity and left him. In the morning Rasulullah (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) asked him the same question as before and his answer was the same. When the same thing happened for the third time, Abu Hurairah said to the thief,” This is the third time. Each time you say that you will not steal again and each time you steal again." The thief said,” Leave me, and I will teach you such words through which Allah will benefit you.". I (Abu Huraira) inquired about those words and the thief said,” When you go to your sleeping place, then recite Ayatul Kursi completely. Allah will stipulate a guardian for you and Shaitan will not come near you until the morning. I released him. In the morning Rasulullah (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) asked,” What did your thief do last night?" Abu Hurairah narrated what had transpired. The Sahabas were most enthusiastic to gain virtues. Nabi (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) said,” He has spoken the truth although he is a liar. Oh Abu Huraira, do you know with whom you were talking to for the past three nights." I said "No". Nabi (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) said that it was Satan.
.
 For those dear ones who have perished, recitation of Ayatul Kursi will give Hadiay to them, which will give them noor (light) in the grave.

 Frequent recitation has been known to makes ones death easy.

. If you recite Ayatul Kursi once, a group of Angels will come to protect you. In addition, if you recite twice, two angels will be assigned to take care of you.

Allah is not overtaken with the need of sleep or rest, or other bodily functions like thirst or hunger. This simply means that no ignorance, unawareness, or shortcomings ever touches Allah.
 Abu Huraira (Radiyallaahu Anhu) said that Rasulullah (Sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) stated that whosoever reads "Haa meem al Mu'minoon" up to "al maser" and Ayatul Kursi in the morning, will be protected until the evening and whoever reads both of these in the night will be protected until the morning.

 Ayatul Kursi: Great Ayah in the Quran. Recite it together with Surah Falaq and Surah Nas at Night. Recite it with your palms open blow the air into your palm and rub it round your body and go to sleep. That is the recommendation of the Prophet (SAW).

Recite “Ayatul Kursi”, after every Salah its. Good protection from the devils.

To err is human and to forgive is divine.”
Islam speaks about two aspects of forgiveness: a) Allah’s forgiveness; b) Human forgiveness. We need both, because we do wrong in our relations to Allah as well as in our relations to each other.


May Allah make our efforts sincere and keep us all on the straight path...........

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Saturday 5 March 2011

Controller of the Universe,


Allah, most gracious, most merciful
The Muslims prefer calling ‘Allah’, instead of the English word ‘God’. The Arabic word ‘Allah’ is… unique, unlike the English word ‘God,’ which can be played around with. If you add‘s’ to the word God, it becomes ‘Gods’, that is the plural of God. Allah is one and singular, there is no plural of Allah. If you add ‘dess’ to the word ‘God,’ it becomes ‘Goddess’ that is a female God. There is nothing like male Allah or female Allah. Allah has no gender. If you’re pre-fix ‘tin’ before the word ‘God,’ it becomes ‘tin-God’, i.e. fake God. ‘Allah’ is not a unique word, which does not conjure up any mental image nor can it be played around with

As Muslims believe that Allah is the Creator of mankind,

Allah SWT created us with the intention that we would know him. He has surrounded us with evidence of himself and he keeps the question of his existence squarely before us.
Much of life may seem uncertain, but look at what we can count on day after day: gravity remains consistent, a hot cup of coffee left on a counter will get cold, the earth rotates in the same 24 hours, and the speed of light doesn't change -- on earth or in galaxies far from us.

There is a reason behind everything Allah creates (whether it is a being or a situation)
How it that we can identify is laws of nature that never change? Why is the universe so orderly, so reliable?

"Why nature is mathematical is a mystery...The fact that there are rules at all is a kind of miracle."(Yes work on this one as

Water...colorless, odorless and without taste, and yet no living thing can survive without it. Plants, animals and human beings consist mostly of water (about two-thirds of the human body is water). You'll see why the characteristics of water are uniquely suited to life:

It has an unusually high boiling point and freezing point. Water allows us to live in an environment of fluctuating temperature changes, while keeping our bodies a steady 98.6 degrees.

proof of Allah SWT (God) Water is a universal solvent. This property of water means that thousands of chemicals, minerals and nutrients can be carried throughout our bodies and into the smallest blood vessels.
Water is also chemically neutral. Without affecting the makeup of the substances it carries, water enables food, medicines and minerals to be absorbed and used by the body.
... (Wait till you get to DNA).He! He! He!

Water has a unique surface tension. Water in plants can therefore flow upward against gravity, bringing life-giving water and nutrients to the top of even the tallest trees.

Water freezes from the top down and floats, so fish can live in the winter.

(Ninety-seven percent of the Earth's water is in the oceans. But on our Earth, there is a system designed which removes salt from the water and then distributes that water throughout the globe. Evaporation takes the ocean waters, leaving the salt, and forms clouds which are easily moved by the wind to disperse water over the land, for vegetation, animals and people. It is a system of purification and supply that sustains life on this planet, a system of recycled and reused water.

Allah is the sustainer of everything.
The Earth's size and corresponding gravity holds a thin layer of mostly nitrogen and oxygen gases, only extending about 50 miles above the Earth's surface. If Earth were smaller, an atmosphere would be impossible, like the planet Mercury. If Earth were larger, its atmosphere would contain free hydrogen, like Jupiter. Earth is the only known planet equipped with an atmosphere of the right mixture of gases to sustain plant, animal and human life.
is located the right distance from the sun. Consider the temperature swings we encounter, roughly -30 degrees to +120 degrees. If the Earth were any further away from the sun, we would all freeze. Any closer and we would burn up. Even a fractional variance in the Earth's position to the sun would make life on Earth impossible. The Earth remains this perfect distance from the sun while it rotates around the sun at a speed of nearly 67,000 mph. It is also rotating on its axis, allowing the entire surface of the Earth to be properly warmed and cooled every day.

Allah knows the cycle for every human’s life and everything else.
Everyone is united because they have the same ancestor: Adam (A.S.).
Well, just like you can program your phone to beep for specific reasons, DNA instructs the cell. DNA is a three-billion-lettered program telling the cell to act in a certain way. It is a full instruction manual.
Existence of Allah SWT (God): why is this so amazing? One has to ask....how this information program wound up in each human cell. These are not just chemicals. These are chemicals that instruct, that code in a very detailed way exactly how the person's body should develop.

All instruction, all teaching, all training comes with intent. Someone who writes an instruction manual does so with purpose. Did you know that in every cell of our bodies there exists a very detailed instruction code, much like a miniature computer program? As you may know, a computer program is made up of ones and zeros, like this: 110010101011000. The way they are arranged tell the computer program what to do. The DNA code in each of our cells is very similar. It's made up of four chemicals that scientists abbreviate as A, T, G, and C. These are arranged in the human cell like this: CGTGTGACTCGCTCCTGAT and so on. There are three billion of these letters in every human cell!!
Everything and everyone is unique in their own way. This shows the Power of Allah.

One has to ask....how this information program wound up in each human cell.

There are millions of people controlling the traffic on road, sea, and air. Beacons are built. People also build traffic light and radar. Air Traffic Control is built to prevent accident. All vehicles have drivers. Even on airplane there are pilot and co-pilot to make the flight safer. On the ships there are Captain, navigator, and engineers. Yet thousands of accidents happen every year on land, sea, and air. Even though there are many controllers, the accidents still happen.

On the contrary, the Earth, Sun, Moon, Stars, and others always revolve for billions of years without single crash. Most scientists believe that the Earth, Sun, and all of the other planets and moons in the solar system formed about 4.6 billion years ago. For billions of years until now the Earth never bump into the Sun, and the Sun never collides with the Moon. There is no mark, police, nor pilots to drive them. Without Allah (God), the Controller of the Universe, none of these would happen. Everything is in order because there is Allah (God) who controls everything. Allah has put orbit for each of those things. If we really think about it then we will know that Allah (God) exists.

“He it is who appointed the sun a splendor and the moon stages, that ye might know the number of the years, and the reckoning. Allah created not (all) that save in truth. He detailed the revelations for people who have knowledge” [Quran 10:5]

“It is not for the sun to overtake the moon, nor doth the night outstrip the day. They float each in an orbit” [Quran: 40]

.People who thinks a lot about universe InshaAllah will believe that there is Allah (God)!

(Sill here? just checking)

SURAH 1

Literal translation of Surah 1:

Title: Al-Fatiha (The Opening)

“In the name of Allah, most gracious, most merciful.”

‘Praise be to Allah, the cherisher and sustainer of the worlds.

Most gracious, most merciful, Master of the Day of Judgment.

It is you that we worship and to you alone, do we turn for help.

Show us the straight way.

The way of those to whom you have shown your grace.

Those that have not made you angry and do not go astray.’

Surah Al-Fatiha sums up the core beliefs of Islam. These are as follows:

-: Muslims believe that Allah is the One God who gave them life and only Allah should be worshipped.

-: Muslims see the wonders of the natural world as the work of Allah, the Creator.

-: They believe that Allah will judge all the people after they die. Every deed is recorded. If you do well, you will be rewarded with Paradise in the Hereafter, and if you do badly, you will be punished with Hell.

-: Muslims believe that Allah is merciful and compassionate.

-: Muslims believe that Allah has provided guidance for humankind.

May Allah make our efforts sincere and keep us all on the straight path...........

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Thursday 3 March 2011

ONE CREATOR

Why am I here?’ ‘Who put me here?’ and ‘How did I get here?’

Without answering these questions man will wander through life aimlessly without any reference point or criteria for his actions and decisions. These questions will continue to haunt him unless they are comprehensively and conclusively answered

In every aspect of life he will be reminded of these questions whether by the acknowledgement of his own limitations, the limitations of others, and the observance of the Universe or the recognition of life itself being temporary. Due to these constant reminders surrounding man, these questions will continue to agitate him, they are inescapable and fundamental. This is because once these questions are answered they will form the basic thought i.e. all thoughts will be peripheral to this thought, emanate from it and built upon it.

Is God real?
Does God exist? We have never seen God. We have never talked with God. That is why the Atheists believe God does not exist. It is just a fantasy or a made up thing!
Man will answer these questions in different manners according to his own level of perception and thought but the man who is determined for the truth will exhaust every possible angle and answer these questions in an enlightened manner. The comprehensive resolution of the questions: “Why am I here?” ‘Who put me here?’ and ‘How did I get here?’ are what constitute the Aqidah.

The Story of a Scholar and an Atheist

There is one story of a Scholar and an Atheist. Long ago an Atheist did not believe the existence of God. He asked a scholar for a debate about the existence of God. Among the questions are: “Does God exist?” and “If God exists then where is God?”

Then they decided when and where the debate takes place.

The Atheist and the villagers were waiting for the scholar, but the scholar did not come right on time. When the Atheist and the villagers thought that the scholar will not come for the debate, then the scholar showed up.

“I am sorry to keep you waiting for so long. But the rain is so heavy so the river floods. The bridge drifted away so I could not cross it. Thank God suddenly there was a big tree fell down. Then the branches cut out by themselves so the trunk was branchless. After that the trunk was cut and a hole was created so it became a boat. So I used the boat and crossed the river,” said the scholar.

The Atheist and the villagers were laughing. The Atheist said to the villagers, “This scholar is mad. How a tree can become a boat by it self with no one made it? How can a boat exist with no maker who made it?”

The villagers were laughing out loud.

After the people calmed down, the scholar said, “If you believe that the boat could not exist without its maker, then how could you believe the earth, sky, and its contents exist without its creator? Which is the most difficult to make? Making a boat or creating the earth, sky, and its contents?

Hearing that, they realized that they trapped with their own statement.

“Then answer my second question,” said the Atheist. “If God exists, why can’t He be seen? Where is God?” The Atheist thought since he cannot see God then God does not exist.

The scholar slapped the Atheist’s cheek hardly so the Atheist felt so much pain.

“Why did you slap me? It’s very painful”

The scholar asked, “There is no pain. I cannot see pain. Where is pain?”

“The pain is here,” the Atheist pointed his cheek.

“No, I cannot see pain. Do you see the pain?” asked the scholar to the villagers.

The villagers said, “No!”

“So, though we cannot see the pain does not mean that the pain does not exist. So is the God. Just because we cannot see the God does not mean that God does not exist. Though we cannot see Him, but we can see His creations.” the scholar said:

The argument of the scholar is very simple. Yet, the argument that God does not exist just because human’s sense could not sense the existence of God is very wrong.

How many things that could not be seen or heard by people but exist?

We cannot see the Wind but the Wind exists. We cannot see electricity (what you can see is wire) but electricity exist.

How many things in the sky that billions light years away, even trillions light years away that could not be seen by people yet the things exist?

How many molecular things even nucleus (hair divided in millions) that cannot be seen by people yet exist? People could only see those things by using a very powerful microscope.

How many waves (radio, electromagnetic, electricity, etc) that cannot be seen yet exist?

Those things exist, yet the human sense is very limited so it cannot sense their existence.

The human ability to see colors limited to certain frequencies. People only could hear limited frequencies. Sometimes the light not only very dazzling but also could make people blind. So is the sound. Certain sound could not be heard by human sense while other sound which is very loud could destroy human‘s hearing.

If to sense the creatures of God, sometimes people could not do it, even more to sense the Creator: God!

The Universe, Who is its Creator?

“Both religion and science require a belief in God. For believers, God is in the beginning, and for physicists He is at the end of all considerations… To the former He is the foundation, to the latter, the crown of the edifice of every generalized world view.”
–Max Planck, (a Nobel Prize physicist considered to be the founder of quantum theory, and one of the most important physicists of the 20th century).
“I am not an atheist, and I don’t think I can call myself a pantheist [emphasis added]. We are in the position of a little child entering a huge library filled with books in many languages. The child knows someone must have written those books. It does not know how. It does not understand the languages in which they are written. The child dimly suspects a mysterious order in the arrangement of the books but doesn’t know what it is. That, it seems to me, is the attitude of even the most intelligent human being toward God. ”
–Albert Einstein, as quoted in Anthony Flaw’s book There Is a God: How the World’s Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind.
The Universe must have been made or created one needs to look at the thing responsible for the existence of the Universe.

If we name the thing which created or made the Universe, A, we must consider that if A possesses a beginning, then this cannot be a Creator, rather this too is a creation. To explain this, one should again appreciate, that if A, possesses a beginning then its beginning must be an effect. The cause of this effect i.e. the beginning of A is something else either making or creating it. So thus if the Universe is made/created by A, and A has a beginning, then A itself has also been made or created. If we now extend this thought process, we must now consider what created/made A which in turn made/created the Universe. For the purpose of the discussion we will term this thing B. Once again, should B (the Creator/maker of A), possess a beginning then it too was created by something else and is not a Creator but rather a creation. This scenario of things responsible for the others existence which in turn are responsible for the existence of the Universe can continue relentlessly. The only correct, acceptable and possible solution is that somewhere in this chain one of the beings does not possess a beginning. The consequence of this is that this being without a beginning is not created or made rather it itself is the Creator. By not having a beginning this being would be independent because it would have been at one point the only existent thing, hence it would have had to have been self-sufficient. Thus it would consequently not have an end and hence be unlimited because by not having any dependency, beginning or end, there is nothing which possibly affects or limits it. It would be the starting point of everything because it is devoid of a beginning and hence has always existed. Therefore everything would have originated from this Creator. To term this being the Creator is also correct due to it being the first and only thing existent, thus the first creation from it would have truly been something from nothing.

This being would be responsible for the existence of everything as all things are either manipulated or made by the raw materials originally created by this Creator. The recognition of this Creator’s existence is unavoidable as it is the only solution to the starting point of man, life and the Universe.

ONE CREATOR

Once it has been established that there must be a Creator or Creators the next question would be “how many are there and which one does what?”  While many religions adopt polytheism, even so called monotheistic beliefs have also a polytheistic approach towards the Creator.  The oneness of the Creator is again a rational issue not requiring or depending on any textual evidence.

By establishing the existence of a Creator / Creators by the rational thought, one will have also established the attributes of it being unlimited, independent and eternal (i.e. having no beginning and end).  If one were to pose the notion that several Creators exist this would imply the existence of several unlimited beings.  While some have concluded that there can be only one Creator, they will use the premise of “if there were many Creators there would be chaos and disorder in the world due to their conflicts and arguments. Such a judgment would be shallow and bereft of the understanding that it is inconceivable that an unlimited being would comprise the limited attributes of a human such as arguing, conflict or the fathering of a son, as these limited attributes would themselves be a limitation upon the Creator.

To correctly assess the situation one needs to appreciate the uniqueness of being unlimited. If it were considered that there are several unlimited Creators the consequences are that they would each be creating and hence sharing the attribute of creation, being unlimited and independent.  This goes against the ration as the sharing of these attributes negates their independence of each other e.g. one Creator is dependent on another to create something else.  Furthermore the sharing of these attributes implicate equality amongst them which in turn is a limitation on each of them i.e. how can this thing be unlimited if there is something akin to it?

The capability of one Creator being equal to another or others is a limitation on all of them as they will no longer be unique. Hence they would all be limited, thus dependent and consequently possessing a beginning and an end. Therefore we would have to conclude that these beings are not the Creator/Creators, rather they are created by a one, unique, unlimited being that has no equal. This is what Muslims call Allah SWT.



May Allah make our efforts sincere and keep us all on the straight path...........

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Wednesday 2 March 2011

I am better than he

"The Angels are created from light, the Jinn from the burning fire, and Adam (A.S.) from what has been expounded to you (i.e. fashioned out of clay)." [Muslim]

Although man is created from clay and Angels from light, the Qur'an categorically states that Man is the jewel of creation. Evidence of these is seen in the following Quranic verse:

"Verily, We created man of the best stature (mould)" (Surah at-Teen 95:4)

The Angels were commanded to prostrate to Adam (AS) to show their respect because his level of degree in the sight of Allah was greater. They all fell down prostrate, except for Iblis, Satan, and Lucifer. (7:11) Allah asked:

"What prevented you from prostrating when I commanded you?" He said: "I am better than he: You created me from fire and him from clay." (Surah al-Araf 7:12)

The reason for Iblis (Satan) capacity to disobey Allah SWT can be learnt from the following verse:

"And (remember) when We said to the Angels; "Prostrate to Adam." So they prostrated except Iblis (Satan). He was one of the jinn’s; he disobeyed the Command of his Lord.” (Surah al-Kahf 18:50)

Here we see that although Iblis was a dweller of Paradise, he was not from the angel community. He, jinn, is created from fire whereas the Angels are of light. Unlike the Angels, who are bound to serve and obey Allah SWT, the jinn are not free from sins (ma'soom). In this respect, they are more like humans: they may be obedient or disobedient to their Creator.

Muslims are required to know the names and functions of the 10 leading angels
Jibril A.S:   To deliver the Divine Revelations from Allah SWT to His chosen Messengers from among the prophets (as).

Mikhail A.S:  To manage man's mundane necessities, bring forth rain and oversee the cultivation of crops.

Israfil A.S:  To blow the Trumpet: once, for the destruction of the universe; and again, for the Resurrection of all accountable beings to face Judgment Day.

Israeel A.S:  Angel of Death, the most fearsome of them all, who does not delay nor expedite the hour of claiming the soul.

Malik A.S:  Guardian of Hell, an unwelcome sight, for the unfortunate and wretched dwellers of the eternal fire.

Radhwan A.S:  Guardian of Heaven, who welcomes the Prophets (.A.S) and the righteous who have been blessed by Allah SWT.

Munkar A.S: To question the dead on issues relating to his/her God, prophet, religion, belief, deeds, etc.

Nakir A.S.: To question the dead on issues relating to his/her God, prophet, religion, belief, deeds, etc.

Raqeeb A.S:  Sits on man's right shoulder to record his/her good deeds.

Ateed A.S:  Sits on men left shoulder to record his/her evil deeds.

Apart from the 10, there are numerous other angels whose duties are:

Angels Mentioned in the Qur'an and Hadith? Religious history has recorded several instances where Angels appeared in the form of pleasant-looking men to certain individuals, including Muhammad (Sallallaahu `alayhi Wasallam), Bibi Maryam, Ibrahim (A.S.) and Lot (A.S.); and also to communities, such as the inhabitants of the twin cities of Sodom and Gomorrah.
Neither male nor female, these intelligent beings do not eat, drink, sleep nor have desires. They are created in such a way that they always obey and never go against Divine commands and never tire of serving Allah SWT. For Muslims, the second Article of Faith stipulates that they must believe in the Angels, whose population is infinite. This command is contained in the Quranic verse:
"Uprightness is not to turn your faces towards east or west, but uprightness is to believe in Allah (SWT) and the Last Day, the angels, the Book and the Prophets," (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:177)

May Allah make our efforts sincere and keep us all on the straight path...........

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